The upper motor neurons are the nerve cells that carry signals from the brain to the spinal cord. Synapses are where nerves transmit chemical or electrical impulses to other nerves or the target tissue. They synapse with lower motor neurons in the spinal cord, which go on to innervate the muscles. Upper motor neurons originate in the cerebral cortex of the brain. There are two major types: upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons. That is, all the muscles we can voluntarily control. Motor neurons in the somatic nervous system innervate skeletal muscle. Proprioceptive senses include joint position and muscle tension, and they help orient body positioning within the environment. Exteroceptive somatic sensations include touch, pain, temperature, and pressure. Somatic sensations can be either exteroceptive (outside the body) or proprioceptive (inside the body). They pick up somatic sensations, which are any sensations experienced by the body. Sensory neurons in the somatic nervous system have endings in muscle, bone, and skin. They carry somatosensory and voluntary motor signals between the periphery and the spinal cord. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which are associated with different regions of the spine. Cranial nerves also voluntarily control the muscles of the head. These nerves receive signals from sensory organs such as the eyes and nose. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, ten of which originate in the brain stem. These are called cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Some nerves involved in the somatic nervous system emerge directly from the brain and spinal cord. It is a crucial relay center for somatic motor neurons and the somatic reflex arc. The spinal cord is a long column of nerves that travels down the back and transmits messages between the brain and other body parts. The motor cortex in the frontal lobe generates somatic motor impulses. The brain interprets sensory input and signals motor responses to control the whole body. The somatic nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system, but the central nervous system is still crucial to its function. This allows us to respond quickly to stimuli in our environment. Somatic nerve fibers are insulated with relatively thick layers of myelin, so they conduct impulses rapidly. Sensory neurons are afferent, meaning they send signals from the body to the brain. The somatic nervous system includes both sensory and motor neurons. Somatic nerves allow us to control our muscle movements voluntarily, but they can also be activated without a conscious decision (e.g., reflexes). These nerves originate in the spinal cord and brainstem and extend throughout the peripheral nervous system. The somatic nervous system includes all nerves that innervate the skeletal muscles. For example, in bladder control: parasympathetic innervation allows urine to leave the bladder, but somatic (voluntary) muscle control is required to urinate. The somatic and autonomic nervous systems often work together. The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) nervous systems. It controls all the processes that keep us alive and functioning, such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for the body’s involuntary functions, meaning it works automatically. The SNS also deals with some involuntary movements, such as reflexes. Its primary responsibility is the conscious control of skeletal muscle movements. The somatic nervous system (SNS) is the voluntary nervous system, meaning we can choose to activate it. The PNS is divided into the somatic nervous and autonomic nervous systems. Peripheral nerves connect the central nervous system with our organs, muscles, and glands. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of all the other nerves extending throughout the body. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The human nervous system splits into the central and peripheral nervous systems. How does the SNS fit in with the rest of the nervous system? For example, when we trigger a reflex, use muscle memory, or automatically withdraw from a painful stimulus. The somatic nervous system can also undergo unconscious activation. For example, when we decide to pick up a book, our brain sends signals down the motor neurons to our arm muscles, telling them to contract. The somatic nervous system is under conscious control, meaning that we can choose to move our muscles or not. The somatic nervous system consists of relatively large sensory and motor nerves which conduct impulses rapidly, allowing us to respond quickly to stimuli in our environment. The somatic nervous system (SNS) is the peripheral nervous system division responsible for all voluntary movement of the body.
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